100 Caliber Gun - The USS Ward gun that fired the first American shot of World War II at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
The 4"/50 caliber gun (spok "four-inch-fifty caliber”) was the standard close-angle, fast-firing gun for the United States, first appearing in the Arkansas Monitor and used on "Flush Deck" destroyers through the First World War and 1920s. It was also the standard deck gun for S-class submarines and was used to rearm many submarines built with 3-inch (76 mm) guns early in World War II. United States Naval Gunnery Terminology states that the gun fired a projectile 4 inches (100 mm) in diameter and the barrel was 50 gauge long.
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Original Mark 7 pistol, 4 inch / 50 caliber, M1898, serial numbers. 213–254, 257–281, 316–338, was an all-new, high-powered pistol with a tube, jacket, hoop, locking ring, and bolt-type cage. Weapon no. 213 had a lining. The gun was described as having a 5-inch (127 mm) barrel, but with a 4-inch bore in the 1902 manual, this indicated its higher power and also that the barrel was actually more the size of a 5 inch / 40 caliber gun than a 4 inch gun. The ammunition weighed about 7 lb (3.2 kg) more than a 40/4-inch round. Mod 1 was a Mod 0 that used a steel taper liner and Mod 2 was either a Mod 0 or a Mod 1 that was relined using a nickel steel taper liner and a shoulder on the cylinder head d.
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Pistol no. 353 was the prototype Mark 8 and was test fired on September 22, 1910. This gun had been ordered on June 16, 1907 and delivered in November 1907. The Mark 8's simplified design had only a gun barrel and a jacket. The jacket extended to the muzzle and dipped into a muzzle bell. Production was small, with only 12 guns built, no. 353–364.
The Mark 9 was a design that resulted directly from testing with the No. 353. It was designed to be lightweight and would become the standard 4-inch gun used on destroyers and submarines during World War I. The gun would use an A-tube, full-length jacket, muzzle with a Smith-Asbury side-swing mechanism, and a Welin lock. The gun weighed approximately 2,725 short tons (2,472 t). Pistol no. 365, the first Mark 9, was ordered from Midvale Steel on October 18, 1911. There were 390 Mark 9s built by four different manufacturers from 1911 until the United States ended World War I in 1917. During the war, another 1,885. guns were produced, Root & VanDervoort, American Radiator Company and Poole engineering joined the pre-war manufacturers. After the armistice, another 713 guns were produced, with orders for 3,538 guns cancelled. It was decided after World War I that all destroyers would carry the 4-inch/50 caliber Mark 9 Mod 5 gun; renovations were completed in the fall of 1921.
The Mark 10, Gun No. 365-A, was ordered in 1915 but does not appear to have been completed until WWI. Initial designs were for a 4-inch/50 caliber anti-aircraft gun in January and February 1915. This was designed with a slide block that slides vertically on an integrated gun with a tube, jacket, hunting circle and a locking ring , all constructed of nickel. steel, but the Mark 10 does not appear to have been in service.
The weapon was quick-firing (American term) or quick-firing (British term). Fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled as a single assembled unit) with a charge of 14.5 lb (6.6 kg) of smokeless powder gave a 33 lb (15 kg) projectile a velocity of 2,900 ft/ s (880 m/s) ). Range was 9 mi (14 km) at maximum altitude of 20 degrees. The useful life expectancy was 400–500 effective full charges (EFC) for a chrome-free barrel, while a chrome barrel was listed at 600 rounds.
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Increasing awareness of the need for improved anti-aircraft protection led to the installation of dual-purpose guns on destroyers beginning in the 1930s. The 5-inch/38-caliber dual-purpose gun became the standard for American destroyers built from the 1930s through World War II. II. American destroyers built with 4-inch/50-caliber low-angle guns were mostly rearmed with twin 3-inch/50-caliber guns during the war. The 4-inch/50 caliber guns taken from the destroyers were mounted on defensively equipped merchant ships of the British and United States Merchant Marines, such as the SS Steph Hopkins.
As the S-boats were transferred from combat patrol in mid-1942 to 1943, their 4-inch guns were removed and used to re-equip first-line submarines built with 3-inch/50-inch guns.
Four ex-Navy batteries of two 4″/50 caliber guns were located on the north shore of Oahu in 1942. They were apparently withdrawn in 1943 while other defenses were being built. It is not known who used these weapons; likely possibilities include the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps, marine defense battalions, or naval personnel. The batteries were at Kaa, Kalihi (Mokuoeo Island), Battery Dillingham at Mokuleia, and Kaneohe Bay.
Many Mark 9 guns were supplied to the UK during WWII under Ld lease, both individually and on warships and merchant ships. This article includes a list of general references, but lacks sufficient corresponding online citations. Help us improve this article by adding more accurate citations. (September 2016) (Learn how and why to remove this template post)
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Was a 17.72-inch (450 mm) muzzle-loading (RML) gun produced by the Elswick Ordnance Company, the armaments division of the British manufacturing company Armstrong Whitworth, owned by William Armstrong. The 15 guns manufactured by Armstrong were used to arm two Italian battleships and, to counter them, the British fortifications of Malta and Gibraltar.
Around 1870, the largest gun produced by British companies was the 320 mm RML gun, weighing 38 long tons (38.6 t), firing an 818 lb (371 kg) projectile capable of penetrating 16.3 in (410mm). ) of mild steel at 2,000 yards (1,800 m). This weapon was adequate for the needs of the time, but advances in firearms technology were very rapid. French industries soon produced a 420 mm 76 ton gun. This led the Royal Navy to request an 80 long tons (81 t) gun.
Armstrong, Britain's leading artillery manufacturer, launched a project to create an even larger gun, an 18-inch (460 mm) gun, also known as the "100-ton". Armstrong offered it to the Royal Navy, who rejected the gun as too heavy and expensive.
These new artillery pieces were generous weapons for the time. Their weight was comparable to that of the much later 406 mm/50 cal guns of the Iowa class, although their barrels were quite short. They were muzzle-loading rifles with a rifled barrel and a rigid mount. Each gun required a crew of 35m, including 18m to handle the ammunition.
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The barrel was 9,953 m long. The maximum outer diameter of the barrel was 1,996 m, which reduced to 735 mm at the muzzle. Method of construction of an inner steel tube surrounded by several coils of wrought iron,
It was very complex, with several structures that contained each other. The inner barrel was 9.22 m long or 20.5 calibers. The weight of the gun was 103,888 kg, or about 100 tons.
The initial speed was 472 m/s and the maximum elevation was 10° 30'. At maximum load (204 kg?) and maximum height, a projectile could reach a range of only 5,990 meters, but at this distance the projectile could still penetrate 394 mm of steel (whether it was soft or hard is not clear).
The weight of the stand was: 20,680 kg (18-wheel mobile supports), 24,118 kg (platform) and 2,032 kg (base). The platform was angled 4 degrees to slow recoil. On the platform support, hydraulic systems powered chains that ran through the guns in a 150-degree arc; another hydraulic system ensures the lifting.
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It was a second generation RML pistol equipped with multi-purpose rifling and firing only boltless ammunition with automatic gas controls for rotation.
The projectiles were of three types, all weighing 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and having a diameter of 17.7 inches (450) mm:
The firing charges were polygonal in shape with a maximum width and length of 399 x 368 mm. These consisted of 1 cwt (51 kg) of "Large Black Prism" propellant and four or five were required for each shell fired at full power. The recoil was 1.75 m as two hydraulic pistons at the rear of the platform absorbed the remaining energy.
After the reunification of Italy, the Regia Marina launched an innovative program to launch the best and most powerful battleships of the time, the first being the Duilio class, armed with 380 mm guns. They were already very powerful, but in February 1874, when Britain began building HMS Inflexible, armed with 406mm guns, the Italian admirals demanded even more powerful guns, to maintain leadership in battleship design.
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On 21 July 1874, Armstrong signed a contract with Italy to deliver eight of his 100-ton guns, sufficient to arm Duilio and her sister ship Dandolo. During firing tests on 5 March 1880, one of Duilio's guns cracked while firing at full load. At the suggestion of the British Army, it was officially established that the maximum practical load was 204 kg and not
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